Ericksons Psychosocial Theory

ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 1. Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory PSY 104-275 ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 2. ABSTRACT Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory, PSY 104-274. Erick Erickson was a psychologist that was born in Germany and became famous for his Theory of eight stages of development. Erick believed there were eight influential stages in a human’s life. At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis in which must be resolved. According to Erickson the crisis is not a catastrophe, but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.Key Words: psychoanalytic, psychoanalysis, Autonomy, Generativity, Stagnation ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 3. ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 4. Erik Erikson was born in 1902 near Frankfort, Germany to Danish parents. Erik found himself in quite an identity crisis while growing up. He was a blonde hair blue eye Jewish boy that found it difficul t to study in Jewish temple because of his looks. And in grammar school he was out casted for being Jewish. He also studied art and a variety of languages during his school years, rather than science courses such as biology and chemistry.He did not like the atmosphere that formal schooling produced, so instead of going to college he traveled around Europe, keeping a diary of his experiences. (Personality Theories, Dr c. George Boeree. ) After a year of doing this, he returned to Germany and enrolled in art school. After several years, Erikson began to teach art and other subjects to children of Americans who had come to Vienna for Freudian training. Erick than met a Canadian dance instructor named Joan Serson who was also teaching at the school where he worked. The couple married in 1930 and went on to have three children.In 1933 he came to the U. S. and took a teaching position at Harvard. In addition to teaching at Harvard he also had a private practice in child psychoanalysis. La ter he held teaching positions at Yale, San Francisco psychoanalytic, Austin Riggs center and the center for advanced studies of behavioral Sciences. He published a number of books on his theories and research, including Childhood and Society and The Life Cycle Completed. His book Gandhi's Truth was awarded a Pulitzer Prize and a national Book Award. Erick retired in 1970. He however continued to write, do research and occasionally lecture.In 1950 serious health problems ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 5. forced him into full retirement. Erick died in 1994 at the age of 91. (Personality Theories, Dr C. George Boeree. ) Erick Erickson was however probably known best known for is Psychosocial Theory. Erickson’s theory was one in which eight stages of psychosocial development unfold through out a humans lifetime. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis in which must be faced. (Santrock, 2008,16) The first stage, Trust vs. Mistrust, occurs from approximately birth to one year.Erikson defined trust as an essential trustfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of one's own trustworthiness. He also said that some mistrust is necessary to learn to discriminate between honest and dishonest persons. If mistrust wins over trust in this stage, the child will be frustrated, withdrawn, suspicious, and will lack self-confidence. (Santrock, 2008,16) The second stage, Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, occurs between ages two and three. During this period it is important that the parents create a supportive atmosphere for their child so it can develop a sense of self-control without a loss of self-esteem.In this stage, Erikson said the child encounters rules, such as which areas of the house he is allowed to explore. (Santrock, 2008,16) The third stage, Initiative vs. Guilt, occurs between ages ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 6. four and five. This is the stage in which the child must find out what kind of person he/she is going to be. The child develops a sense of responsibility in which the child increases initiative during this period. If the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious then they will have uncomfortable guilt feelings.Erikson believed that most guilt is quickly compensated for by a sense of accomplishment. (Santrock, 2008,16) Erikson's fourth stage, Industry vs. Inferiority, occurs between six years and puberty. This is the period in which the child wants to enter the larger world of knowledge and work. One of the great events and influences of this time is the child's entry into school. This is where he is exposed to the technology of his society: books, multiplication tables, arts and crafts, maps, microscopes, films, and tape recorders.However, the learning process does not only occur in the classroom according to Erikson, but also at home, friend's houses, and on the street. (Santrock, 2008,16) Components of Erikson's prior four stages contribute to the fifth stage, Identity vs. Identity Confusion. This occurs during adolescence. During this period the identity concern reaches climax. (Santrock, 2008,16) Erikson's sixth stage, Intimacy vs. Isolation, occurs during young adulthood. Intimacy with other people is possible only if a reasonably well-integrated identity emerges from stage five. The main concern of Erikson's seventh stage, Generativity vs.Stagnation, is to ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 7. assist the younger generation in developing and lead useful lives. When the individual feels that he has done nothing to help the next generation then they experience stagnation. The final stage, Integrity vs. Despair, occurs during late adulthood. This is the time in which the individual looks back and evaluates their life. If the previous stages have developed properly then they will experience integrity. If the previous stages have not developed in a positive way then they will feel despair. (Santrock, 2008,16)Ericksonâ₠¬â„¢s model has some advantages and disadvantages to it. One of the advantages is that it is a good model to follow in infancy and in early childhood when there is little or no communication being done between child and parents. The model sets a â€Å"measuring stick† to a child’s normal development that a doctor and parents can use to see if the child is developing behind schedule or ahead of schedule. This all also allows doctors and parents to possibly diagnosis a possible mental abnormality or learning disability. However I believe this model is good to use to assume only if a child is healthy.Once a child or adult is diagnosed with a mental illness of some sort the model cannot be really used anymore. The model also has limitations to it. As I mentioned in the prior paragraph once a child or adult is diagnosed with a mental illness the theory cannot be really only used to a degree. Dependent on what type of learning disability or mental disability the child or ERI CKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 8. adult may have the person may not be able to recognize these developmental needs that happen throughout his or hers life.The adult or child will heavily depend on his or her caretaker to either support these developmental stages for them or the caretaker may have to be the one that actually supplies these needs and offers the reassurance that is needed to person’s stages. The relevance to society this offers is that it shows us how a healthy individual should develop through life. It is a model for us to follow to know proper developmental stages of a human being from infancy to late adulthood. It helps parents know what is the â€Å"norm† for there children and if maybe there is something developmentally wrong.In older adults it also helps us guide our way into later stages of life. It may help people who feel that they have not been successful in society feel that they are in the normal. They may see that they have developed and contributed to what the normal is expected. This paper helped me realize that there was such a model to develop developmental stages. I realize looking back to my adolescence years I have hit these stages and remember dealing with these problems. It also prepares me for what’s ahead and what to expect in later developmental stages.Being better prepared for my upcoming stages should make my transitions through them much easier. ERICKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY 9. References Essential of lifespan development, John Santrock, University of Texas at Dallas, published 2008 Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development, Kendra Cherry, http://psychology. about. com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial. htm Simply psychology, Erickson’ theory, Saul McLeod, published 2008, updated 2013. http://www. simplypsychology. org/Erik-Erikson. html#sthash. byyb8hC6. dpbs Personality Theories, Dr c. George Boeree. http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/erikson. html

Social Media Report Template How to Show Your Results - CoSchedule

Social Media Report Template How to Show Your Results Social media analytics can hard to translate for clients or coworkers who have little knowledge about each channel. You need to be able to clearly explain what you and your team are doing to justify your budget. Building social media reports can help you do that. But, you can’t just throw some numbers in a spreadsheet and call it good. Your report needs to be visual, comprehensive, and  easy to skim, but also include enough information to prove your work is producing results. The takeaways youll pick up from reading this post are: How to quickly and easily compile a social media report. Well walk through every step of the process. How to explain social media data to your client or team members. Well cover how to analyze your social media data How to prove social media marketing is working for your business. Well show you how to show youre making a difference. Measuring and reporting on social media marketing doesnt have to be hard. And in this post, well prove it. Keep It Simple And Download Our Social Media Report Templates Make social media reporting easy with these three free templates. Download this bundle and youll get: Weekly Social Media Report Template to keep your team and organization up-to-date week to week. Quarterly Social Media Report Template to present your quarterly progress (when youll likely meet with execs, clients, and key stakeholders). BONUS: Social Media Posting Schedule Template to plan out your posting frequency (which you can optimize over time as you see whats working, and what isnt, over time). Snag your free templates first. Then, well walk through how to use them (and start showing your success to your organization).The Best Social Media Report Template to Show Your ResultsWhy Build Social Media Reports? Social media reports help you understand what is and isn’t working in your strategy. They also help you prove that your efforts are working, as well as provide transparency throughout the company as to what your team is doing. Not Sure How Or Where To Gather Your Data? These report templates require a lot of data research to complete. You can find most of that data in different app analytics sites as well as Google Analytics. Check out these resources to find all of the data you need: How to Drill Into Data to Extract Powerful Social Media Insights How to Use Social Media Analytics to Create the Best Content Where Can You Find the Best Social Media Data You Need to Succeed? How to Set Social Media Goals to Crush Your Business Objectives 5 Big Questions About Your Site That Google Analytics Can Answer Or, Use 's  Complete  Social  Analytics Suite Did you know makes it easy to plan and publish social media content? It's true! Our all-in-one marketing calendar includes everything you need to manage your entire social media marketing workflow. And with our new and improved Social Analytics Suite, you can effortlessly measure social performance and produce eye-popping reports. Social Engagement Reports With  Social Engagement Reports, you can get a high-level overview of your social media marketing's engagement performance.   With this report, your marketing team can: Gain actionable insights  into what's working and what isn't for your social profiles.   See past baseline metrics  so you can determine if your efforts are improving your engagement. Filter through data  to find the metrics you need in a snap. Social Profile Reports With Social Profile Reports, you can... Access top social profile reports from one dashboard. Stop downloading reports from individual platforms (or multiple third-party tools). Quickly view important social KPIs for Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Pinterest right inside . Refine your social strategy with actionable insight. Track your social performance so you know what’s working (and what isn’t). Use real-time data to make updates to your social strategy, so you can continue to drive results. Connect with your audience + create posts that stand out. Track engagement stats and stop guessing at what will (or will not) resonate with your followers. Utilize your social profile reports to identify top content AND start creating posts you know your audience will love. Get social profile reports delivered right to your inbox with scheduled reports. Create and schedule easy-to-understand reports to your team + stakeholders on a weekly or monthly basis. Giving everyone a pulse on your Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Pinterest performance. Just log into your account and find Social Network Reports in your analytics pane: Then, click on your selected network and get a detailed performance breakdown for each channel: Social Campaign Reports But wait, there's more. Our new Social Campaign Report lets you create social media reports for each social media campaign you create. The best part? This report will pull data from any social media campaign you create in . With this report, you'll be able to: Get actionable data on every social campaign. Gone are the days of manually gathering data for every social media campaign you published.   Compare social campaigns to one another.  Want to compare a current campaign to the one you did last year? Now you can. (And you get to avoid scrolling through hundreds of posts manually!) Filter campaigns by content type.  Need to see how your blog post campaigns are doing? Filter them all out automatically. Best of all, you can try it free for 14 days. What are you waiting for? Need social media marketing report automation? Try .Now, Let’s Walk Through How To Use Your Free Report Templates The next part of this post will walk you through what each section of the report template means and how to explain the data to your team. Social Channel Reach Social channel reach data talks about how many people saw your post in their newsfeeds. They don’t have to interact with your post at all in their feeds; they just need to scroll past it. So why should you care about reach? Reach can tell you how many eyes have seen your content, which in turn can help your team establish on average how many people see your content. As you enter your data into the table, the graph below will adjust: To enter your data: Gather all of the new reach totals for each of your channels. Record them in a separate spreadsheet to enter in later. Take last week’s reach for one channel and divide it by new reach. Subtract that number from 100 and that will be your new percent of change. Enter in the new reach total into your chart after the new percent of change has been recorded. To Fill This Out: Gather your reach data and enter it into the chart above. Keep track of your previous week’s data to find your percent of change. Social Channel Shares Social shares are a part of both your weekly report and quarterly report templates. Shares happen any time an audience member shares your content to their newsfeed. Why should this matter to your team or client? Shares help show your team that your audience is finding value in your content. The more often you can provide that value to your audience, the more you create a relationship with them. Social shares in your weekly report are only going to indicate changes over the past week: While your quarterly report will show the volume of shares over four consecutive quarters and will look like this in your report: It is important to note that Instagram will not show shares data because as of right now you cannot share other people’s Instagram, except through third party apps. Before you continue, you may have noticed that the bottom of your graph has a legend that says Date Range at the bottom. You may notice  that changing the labels in your chart does not modify the labels on the graph. To update those labels, click on the chart and select, Select Data in the graph menu: A window will appear, and you’ll be able to adjust your dates in the column marked Horizontal Axis: Once you click OK, your graph should update. To Fill This Out: Gather your shares data for the new week as you did for your reach. Keep track of the previous week’s data to find your percent of change. To fill out your quarterly chart, you can move the previous week’s data down a week to make room for new data. Both graphs should update automatically. Social Channel Likes Likes refer to the number of times that people have interacted with your content by â€Å"liking† it. But why would the number of likes on your content matter? Much like when people share your content, liking your content means your audience made a connection with it. Likes allow you to make sure that your topics are on track with your audience preferences. In your weekly report, your chart will look like this: In the quarterly report, your chart will look like this: To Fill This Out: Gather your like data for the new week. Just as you did with your previous two graphs, keep track of the previous week’s data to find your percent of change. To fill out your quarterly chart, you can move the previous week’s data down a week to make room for new data. Social Channel Comments Social channel comments are another engagement metric that can help show your team and clients that what you’re publishing is connecting with your audience. You can add this into your weekly report if you so choose, however for these templates we’ve only included it in the quarterly report, which looks like this: To Fill This Out: In your quarterly report, you’ll be entering in data that you’ve gathered over the previous three quarters. To fill in this chart, move the previous three-quarters  of data back a space to make room for your new data. Remember to update the date ranges at the bottom of your chart using the same techniques shown earlier. Social Channel Follower Growth The next set of statistics you’ll learn how to record involves how many followers your social channels have gained. Why would these statistics be relevant to your team? The more followers your social channels gain, the more eyes see your content. The more eyes that see your content, the higher probability you’ll have of creating conversions. Plus if you’re gaining a following from fans in your industry or with people that are interested in your company, that means that your content is connecting with the right people. Your follower growth per channel will look like this in your weekly report: It’s important to note that your follower growth in the weekly reports tracks growth over the last four weeks. The quarterly report follower growth chart will look like this: To Fill This Out: Gather your data for the new week. Once you have that done, move your previous three weeks of data back a week in your chart to make room for the new week’s data. You can update the legend in your chart to reflect the new weeks.To fill out your quarterly chart, you’ll use the same process, however, remember the data for this graph should be reflecting every quarter, not every week. Top Posts Per Channel The top posts per channel are a key statistic that you can record both weekly and quarterly in your report templates. Why would tracking your top posts be an important part of the data that you show your teams or clients? Because top posts indicate what types of content are connecting with your audience. If you post videos once every few weeks and that video turns out as a top post every time one is sent, it could be an indicator that it’s the kind of content your audience is looking for. In your weekly and quarterly reports, your top posts will look like this: To Fill This Out: Screenshot each of your top posts per channel. Enter those screenshots into the white boxes in your template. You may need to adjust their sizing to get them to fit. Then enter the corresponding data for each post. Every social network should have that information displayed in the in-app analytics. Social Media Channel Summary The next part of your report process is going to involve just your weekly report. The totals section is meant to help you track your growth of likes, followers and reach over the course of a month. This small snapshot allows you to track spikes in growth giving your team a chance to analyze what happened over those four weeks to cause the rise. In your weekly report, your total section looks like this: To Fill This Out: You probably know the drill for this by now. To fill out this section, move your previous week’s data back a spot to make room for new data. No sweat, right? Social Channel Posts Published The number of social media  posts  that you have sent is going to be recorded in your quarterly report, not your weekly report. You could add in a section for this on your weekly report, however, if your company maintains a consistent posting schedule, it could get repetitive for your team. Your messages data will look like this in your report: To Fill This Out: Once you’ve gathered the data for each of your networks, you can move your previous quarter’s down to make room in your chart for the newly collected data. Social Media Traffic Social media traffic is divided into two different sections for your reports. The first section involves how often your social channels are causing your audience to click to your website. Why is traffic important? Traffic drives people to your website, which in turn should create conversions. The more people you can drive to your website, the more likely you are to create a conversion. Mo’ conversions, mo’ money. In your weekly report, your traffic chart will look like this: In your quarterly report, your traffic chart will look like this: To Fill This Out: Gather your traffic data and enter it into each chart. Your pie chart should adjust based on entered data. The second part of your traffic data is going to involve recording your highest trafficked content, once a quarter. In your quarterly report, you’ll find a section for highest trafficked content. It will look a lot like your top content posts section with space allotted to insert screenshots of your post and record the amount of traffic that those posts generated: To Fill This Out: Screenshot your posts and insert them into the appropriate boxes. Social Media Conversions The second last step in your social media weekly report and the second to last step in your quarterly report will involve reporting your conversions. Conversions are the number of times that your audience members follow through and complete an action that you wanted them to. Conversions can be anything from email sign-ups to buying a product. In your weekly report, your conversion chart will look like this: In your quarterly report, they’re going to look like this: To Fill This Out: You’re going to need the conversion data for each channel, which you can usually find in Google Analytics. Move your data back a week (or a quarter depending on which spreadsheet you’re in) and your graph will adjust automatically. Social Media Clicks The last step in your weekly report will involve tracking the number of clicks that your content has received on each channel. Aren’t clicks and traffic the same thing? Not exactly, clicks can refer people to places outside your website, especially if you’re posting curated content. Tracking your clicks in your weekly report is going to look like this: To Fill This Out: Gather you clicks data from each post that you sent out in the past week. Most of that data will be found in your in-app analytics. Enter the data into your chart and wait for the graph to manually adjust. Top Landing Pages The last step in your quarterly report is going to involve tracking the top three landing pages for each social media channel that you are active on. Tracking your landing pages can show where your audience is ending up the most often on your website. If it’s where you need them to go, great! If not it may be time to rethink where their initial landing point on your website is. Your top landing pages are going to look like this in your report: To Fill This Out: Pull your top landing pages out of Google Analytics and insert each  URL into each  box. Social Analysis Okay, so we’re not quite done yet! The *actual* last part of your report is going to involve writing summary notes or details that aren’t explained in the report. This section can be whatever you need it to be in to explain the data to your team: To Fill This Out: Record any observations or analytics that we’re covered in the report that your team needs to know. Wanna Know How We Can Make That Process Even Easier? has its own social media analytics functionality and exportable Social Engagement Reports  that make all this work even easier to complete.    Talk about a time saver. Ready to automate your social reporting schedule? Start your free trial and see how can help.

Disablitly and Programs essays

Disablitly and Programs essays Communism was established in China in the year of 1949. This is when Mao took control of mainland China, and acquired the title of the former Chairman of the People's Republic. During this time, Mao tried to establish such things as the Great Leap Foward and the Cultural Revolution. During his leadership, he lied to many people on many occasions. When he said that it was not possible for 20,000,000 million people to die in the famine, it has been proved that there has been that and many more. Anyways, most of Communist China followed with blind devotion, like it was their only solace to their pitiful lives. Now everything was owned by the government in communism. Now China is the most powerful communist country in the world. They still are considered a country, controlled by rich wealthy business men, who are controlling poor, hungry, blinded citizens. China heavily relies on such countries in Asia. China keeps the people happy, because the people do not know any better than to hav e capitalism. The government has corrupted them into thinking that communism is the only way, and that the US's capitalism, is simply the bad way out. Relations between the US and China have their ups and downs. Mao was the man that established communism in the country, and many leaders afterward have simply followed his footsteps. During the time that he was leader, he had poor leadership, but again, the people had such a blind devotion for him that they followed his command. Friends turned against friends, people started to divide. Currently, China is in poor economic state. They have too many people to support everyone of them. But communism makes it so that they are all happy. The Great Leap Forward took two forms: a mass steel campaign, and the formation of the people's communes. On the one hand, all the people in the country were organized to help produce the amount of steel that was needed to attain the goal of surpassing England. Life was mil...

Health Service Provision for Older Patients Essay

Health Service Provision for Older Patients - Essay Example The current rise in elderly population due to improvements in health care systems (WHO, 2006) has caused an increase in the number of patients suffering from dementia and hence more research, education, understanding and training with regard to management of dementia patients in hospital setting is warranted. In this essay, the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, Alzheimer's disease, will be discussed through review of literature. The signs and symptoms of the disease, the pathophysiology and various aspects of nursing intervention will be elaborated. Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common degenerative disease of the brain that leads to dementia (Anderson, 2010). Infact, it is the most common cause of dementia and is incurable. The disease is an acquired condition in which there is impairment of cognition and behavior of the individual that is severe enough to disrupt normal occupational and social functioning of the individual. AD is a major public health problem associated with significant morbidity, impairment and economic consequences (Anderson, 2010). More often than not, the disease is mainly diagnosed after 65 years of age, although, an early-onset variety of AD does exists which presents much early. According to Brookmeyer et al (2007), 1 in 85 people in the world are likely to suffer from AD by 2050. The course of the disease is different for different individuals and thus is the prognosis. The most common early symptom, which is often ignored as an aging feature or stress consequence is the lack of ability to acquire new memories. Other symptoms include changes in cognition and behavior of the individual like irritability, confusion, aggression, mood swings, breakdown in language, withdrawal and long-term loss of memory. As the age advances, various functions of the body are gradually lost, terminating in death. AD imposes severe burden on the caregivers and can influence various aspects of the life of the caregiver detrime ntally. Diagnosis of AD is mainly established through tests for cognition and assessment of behavior. Brain scan is often used as an adjunct to establish the diagnosis. The mean life expectancy of the individual following the diagnosis is about 7 years (Molsa et al, 1995). Pathophysiology The exact cause of AD is still not understood well and there is no treatment which can either cure the disease or prevent the progression of the disease. Even the prevention of the disease is unknown although some researchers are of the opinion that regular exercise, balanced diet and mental stimulation prevent AD (Anderson, 2010). There is some evidence to tell that AD is associated with tangles and plagues in the brain (Ding et al, 2007). Previously, it was hypothesized that decrease in the synthesis of acetylcholine causes the disease. Infact, several treatments for AD were based on that. However, since patients did not respond well to those treatments, the hypothesis could not be maintained. Su bsequently, the amyloid hypothesis was developed, according to which, deposits of amyloid beta were the cause for development of the disease.

The Relationship between Eliezer and his Father Essay

The Relationship between Eliezer and his Father - Essay Example Hence, in the beginning of Night, the relationship between Eliezer and his father is one of respect and obedience rather than love and affection. Then the members of the family separate from each other and Eliezer and his father arrive at the camp. Here for the first time, Eliezer sees his father cry for him. He cries for the fate that awaited his son and wished that he had gone with his mother (Wiesel 30). During this stage of the novel, Eliezer notices his father’s love for him and he reciprocates it appropriately with care and affection. Eliezer realized that the only reason his father wanted him to be with his mother because he does not have the strength to see his own son being assassinated in front of his own eyes (Wiesel 30). During these tough times, they are a source of support for each other. The relationship between them changes from one of respect to one of affection and care. However the cruelties around them make a profound impact on their relationship. In spite of all the negativities, Eliezer clung onto his father for support and believed that their bonding and love was more important than self preservation. This event actually symbolizes their future relationship and comes as a warning to Eliezer that he should love and care for his father even during the hardest of times (Wiesel 48).

Statistical Testing of the Impact of Working Hours and High-Risk Work Essay

Statistical Testing of the Impact of Working Hours and High-Risk Work Conditions on Injury - Essay Example Active work participation and good supervision are some of the important aspects in ensuring hazards are identified and tackled. Nevertheless, training workers is important so as to ensure that they are aware of ensuring safety in their workplaces. In this study, an investigation will be conducted in respect to the relationship between injury rates and different conditions in the workplaces. Although many organizations have some means of preventing and controlling hazards in workplaces, the effect of some conditions such as the total hours allocated for working and the impact of sensitization on high risk work places compared to less sensitization in low risk work places is ignored in many studies (Kennedy et al, 2010). Therefore, this study will investigate the impact that variation in the number of working hours and lack of protective sensitization in low risk workplaces, have on injury rates in workplaces. ... For the degree of risk involved at workplace and injury rates H0: The degree of risk involved is positively associated with the injury rates; H1: The degree of risk involved is negatively associated with the injury rates; These tests of validity for these hypotheses on the basis of results and conclusions reached in the following sections enables the researcher to establish the relationship between identified variables in this research. Method and Results The number of actual hours worked by all employees in the area/team for the 12 month period ending December 31, 2009 were taken and recorded in an excel spreadsheets. Also, operations for supervisors differed in terms of activities and risks. Risk ranged from low (1) office related to high (7) manual material handling activities. Table 1 Risk Range 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Low ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? High This data was taken and recorded in an excel worksheet as well. Finally, the average rate of injuries per 100 employees over 12 month period was r ecorded on the excel worksheets. Among these variables, the injury rate was taken as the dependent variable while the level of risk and hours worked was taken as the independent variables. The aim of the study is to find out the relationship between injury rate on the one hand and hours worked and risk, on the other hand. In other words, the researcher formulated a statistical model to find out whether the risk and hours worked can be used to predict the rate of injuries in workplaces. The data collected in the excel worksheets are then imported into an SPSS sheet for statistical analysis. The analysis conducted under SPSS includes both descriptive analysis and

Egypt’s pyramid Essay Example for Free

Egypt’s pyramid Essay Egypt one of the earliest civilization is a nation embellish with rich culture and tradition, the pyramids being is a witness to their grandeur. Egypt’s pyramid is one of their pride; it depicts the power and glory of those ancient rulers and their influence. The pyramids’ brilliance is known to every individual but little of us knew how the pyramids were erected, what form of tools where used, how did they conduct the calculations considering that every angle of the triangle is perpendicular with each other, and what does the earliest pyramids look like. The Egyptian pyramid certainly has origin, how did they polish such wondrous creation and why pyramids vary in sizes. What is the underlying principle in building such tomb. Several studies were conducted in unleashing this pyramids enigma, yet some still was a mystery. The Pyramids of Egypt is distinct from among the wonders of the world. It has its certain characteristics, incomparable in magnitude, not only that it is the oldest man made creation from among the wonders of the world it conceals numerous historical records, the pyramid being is the door to unlock the secrets of Egypt’s antiquity. We have already uncovered some few material things on Egypt’s long forgotten past, but that is only a part of the larger feature of Egypt. The pyramids have in it some several encryptions which convey us about their tradition and belief in magical spells and hymns written in hieroglyphics form. It depicts the journey of the pharaohs in the afterlife. This compilation of hieroglyphics is called the Pyramid Texts. Aside from the ancient texts carved within the walls of the pyramids, pyramids also vary from each other on the physical aspect, such as its structure, its height and designs. The Pyramid of Cheops and Cephren is one significant example. We have witnessed in the records of history how ancient people revere much the final resting place of their loved ones. Similarly, in Egypt the pyramids are one of the most important objects conveying their belief in the afterlife. The pyramids that we used to have now only belongs to the greatest ruler of Egypt hence the Great Pyramids of Egypt, none of the pyramids ever survived that belong to other least rulers during the ancient time. Not only that the pyramids gain attraction on its concealed past, through the pyramids, some scientists dig the scientific engineering used at the time when the pyramid was built. It is genuine worked made by a brilliant mind. These are among the content of this paper. Based from previous researches, we will have to draw a general conclusion that will help address this problem. Body The Pyramids. Unlike many other temples that served as a house for the living, the pyramid serves as the eternal resting place of Egyptian kings and queens’ body and also a place for religious activity. According to ancient Egyptian belief, the pyramid where the mummy was placed provides for the monarch to pass the afterlife. The ruler’s body was carefully treated and wrapped to preserve it as a mummy. To pray for the soul of the dead ruler, the priests in nearby temples performed religious rituals in order to nourish the spirit, it is believed that the when the ruler died, the spirit remains to the body right after death. The Pyramid Texts were written in the walls of the pyramid to safeguard the soul during its journey. In the Egyptian Old Kingdom, most kings and queens draft for a design of their tomb usually with complicated structure made up of large stone and blocks. Yet probably because the materials were too costly, the size and quality of built pyramids decreased. In the Middle Kingdom, the Egyptians build pyramids out of mud brick. In the tradition, all pyramids were aligned to the cardinal directions which refer to the north-south and east-west location. Most pyramids were found in the desert plateaus on the west bank of the Nile River where the sun sets. According to belief, the dead monarch’s spirit will left the body and shall travel through the sky with the sun each day. When the sun will set in the west, the spirit will now settle into their tomb to renew their selves. Step Pyramid at Saqqara. Before the pyramids, the pharaohs were buried in tombs called the mastabas. It is a big, roofed, square building with walls that sloped gently inward. In the center of the building, a deep shaft was cut to which the burial chamber is located. There they stored the pharaohs’ significant possessions. In building the mastabas (â€Å"bench), the pharaoh needed much worker to work for his project. When there is dearth of workers, he sent out word to all his governors from different provinces. The governors in turn will send the word to every town and village and farmers from all over Egypt in order to come and work for the pharaoh’s project. The earliest known pyramid is the pyramid of King Djoser (Zoser) of the third dynasty. It was build with a giant steps like six mastabas stacked one on the top of the other looking like a rectangular wedding cake with six layers. Other pharaoh’s after him design their own pyramids trying to furnish a better pyramid than that of Djoser. Djoser Step Pyramid architecture was Imhotep. He commissioned a court official to design and build him a unique burial tomb. Accordingly, the building of the pyramid required two things which had never been done before: â€Å"the first was provided by a pacified and united country while for the second a unique human genius was required,† (Mendelssohn, 1979). Imhotep has advantage to this. Although he is not of royal blood, his official title as a purely self-made man was â€Å"Chancellor of the King of Lower Egypt, First after the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the Great Palace, Hereditary Nobleman, High Priest of the Heliopolis, Builder, Sculptor and Maker of Vases in Chief†, and he was an engineer before the word ever existed (Thomas, 2005). Imhotep brilliancy was praised by many intelligent minds during his time. He developed and controlled the logistics and persuades a group of thousands of men into a well-organized workforce capable of producing suppose to be the world’s tallest pyramid by a factor of twenty. Imhotep has long solved the problems such as the balance of the lateral forces in the gigantic pyramidal weight while pressing down on a square base. To address the problem, his masons slanted the inner stones of Zoser’s pyramid towards the apex to help balance it out. This designed is considered as grossly overlooked with the introduction of Meidum pyramid. (Ibid. ). Nevertheless, Imhotep’s step pyramid was the first stone structure in the history and is the oldest surviving pyramid today. Several nature factors affect the pyramids’ brilliance, but none of it had overcome the clarity of mind of Imhotep. The fact that his structure stand today is a clear indication that he had overcome nature’s changing environment. Yet Imhotep brilliancy is almost trivial, we had little information on his intelligence and none of the records ever survived in justification of his eminence. Meidum Pyramid. The Meidum pyramid was introduced in the year 2600 BC. It is in the shape of tetrahedron. It started as a step pyramid with inward leaning walls and eight levels. The pyramid construction at Meidum became unsuccessful because there is probably lacking in the design of the pyramid. The interior support of the pyramid partially was collapsed and massive rubble mounds were found beneath the base of the pyramid. Bent Pyramid. After the failure of the Meidum Pyramid, King Sneferu, the father of Khufu started designing his pyramid. He actually started with the Meidum pyramid but for unknown reasons he moved his burial chamber north to Dashur, at the Giza Plateau with a different design. The foundation of the pyramid was a big flat area of limestone bedrock. Also as an advantage, in the nearby area there was a limestone quarry, a place where they could cut two to three ton limestone block to be used in building the pyramid. His pyramid was made of stone blocks leaning inward. In constructing the base of the pyramid, the stone cutters leveled the foundation of the pyramid providing indications as to where the pyramid would be located. The sun and the stars serve as their guiding point to align the pyramid facing exactly towards the four cardinals, the north, south, east and west. They aimed at leveling the sides of the pyramid equal to all angles. Each of the side using modern measurements is 755 feet and 8 inches long; the length is less than two inches of the four sides. However, during the construction of the pyramid, the weight of the upper portion started to inflate causing the pyramid to be not in proportion. It had slowly sink; the weight and angle of the stones where much heavier than in its base. To address the problem, the builders put up an outer supporting wall cutting off the 60 degrees angle to 55 degrees. The upper portion is only 43 degrees. This is where the pyramid got his name, the Bent Pyramid. During the construction, the architects tried to polish their work by applying what they have learned in building the bent pyramid. They must have laid down horizontal layers of larger stone and blocks. In order to vindicate their erroneous design, they construct again another giant pyramid for Sneferu called the North Pyramid. Sneferu returned to Meidum and refined the Meidum pyramid by adding outer level using new approach in constructing it. Sneferu’s new technique somehow became successful. His new technique became the foundation of the 4th dynasty pyramids and the Great Pyramid at Giza. Indeed, something did. Imhotep’s buttresses, while always at the base step pyramid of other true pyramids, were not extended to include the buttressing of the structurally significant outer casing. Pyramids built later than Meidum demonstrate this slanting of the outer casing. (Thomas, 2005) Khufu’s Pyramid. The proliferation of pyramid gradually decline in the 5th dynasty when irregularities seem to pervade in the whole kingdom of Egypt. Perhaps, one significant attribute of the so called chaotic period in Egypt called the First Intermediate Period is crossing the alley of yore to the Middle Period where new techniques and materials were applied. Parallel to it, when the building of pyramid was once restored, the pyramids’ beauty was converted into gross physical appearance to lucidity. Khufu, son of King Sneferu becomes pharaoh. To build a legacy on the surface of the Earth, he set out to design the largest pyramid. Sneferu’s three pyramids laid new important techniques in maintaining Khufu’s pyramid throughout the time. That is to build a pyramid with a solid stone foundation. In onset of the pyramid’s construction, Khufu ordered his governors to seek workers out of forty-two towns of Egypt. He require ten working men or boys each town to accomplish his ambitious pyramid. During Khufu’s reign, there are some speculations that massive slave workers were forced to work in building the pyramid. However in Herodotus account, the workers were not compelled to work for the pyramid. In contrary to his statement, he said however that there is dearth of workers, thus some forcible action is impliedly conducted. There was no account yet being surfaced to warrant the situation. Accordingly, most of the men were proud to work for Khufu; there is so much honor in building the eternal home of the god-king. Men formed into 20-30 teams and also have given their teams a name such as â€Å"Khufu is Bright†. Evidences lie in the hidden parts of the pyramids where modern archaeologists have found them. The construction of the pyramid began. The base forms a nearly perfect square having 19-cm. This huge square is almost exactly leveled out. In the core of the pyramid, it probably has a hill of unexcavated rubble making it difficult to determine the exact number of blocks. According to research, the Great Pyramid’s blocks are estimated to 2. 3 millions of blocks having an average weight of 2. 5 metric tons. Hundreds of men worked for quarrying, moving, setting and sculpting the huge amount of stone used to build the Great Pyramid. A total of 25, 000 men and women worked in the construction site for a couple of years. According to one account, there were no slaves who worked in finishing the project. Most probably were farmers, architects, masons, metal workers and carpenters. The architects of Khufu selected a site in Giza on surface of bedrock not sand which will provide a steady foundation. The workers lower the stones in a horizontal level, on one top of the other. The stone used in the interior area was out of quarried blocks in the south of the construction site. The exterior part which is finely finished was out of white limestone quarried across the Nile River. To transport the materials, the workers have to cut the limestone and transported by a river barge to Giza. The rest of the materials were used in building edifices in Cairo. Dating from the earlier failure of the architects, they had failed to recognize the symmetry of the stones placed on top of the other. Khufu’s pyramid however applied the rule on symmetry. Workers have marked all the blocks indicating the angle of the pyramid wall and trimmed the surfaces so that all blocks will fit together. On the sides of the pyramid, workers built large ramps to help drag their materials to the sides of the structure. Those ramps being used were probably of desert clay mixed with water tighten by limestone debris leftover from the construction work. The final exterior phase f the pyramid is the installation of the pyramidion or the cap stone of the pyramid. In order to reveal the full majestic view of the pyramid, workers must dismantle the ramps on the surface of the pyramid. Thereafter, the pyramid had displayed its real beauty. For the interior part of the pyramid, it is compose of complex chambers where a series of passages will lead to master chamber where the body of the King shall be placed. The pyramid’s entrance is about 17 m intended to be used during Khufu’s funeral. The entrance of the pyramid will likely lead you to the Descending Passage and shall reach the Subterranean Chamber. The Descending Chamber is intersected with the Ascending Passage. The Ascending Passage is the conduit to Queen’s Chamber as so called by the Arabs. But according to some archaeologists, this is where the king statue is located representing his ka, his spirit. The Ascending Passage intersects with the Grand Gallery which housed some large stones used to plug passages after the king’s funeral. At the upper end of the Grand Gallery intersects to the King’s Chamber, a simple rectangular room covered entirely with red granite. Now, what remains is the granite sarcophagus of King Khufu buried near the western wall. Some portion of pyramids’ myriad passage was still mysterious. There are some pyramids that have satellite pyramids and queens’ pyramid. The satellite pyramid’s function is still unknown. Some argued that it must have contained the ka of the king. The queens’ pyramid was smaller version of the kings pyramid intended to be a burial site for the king’s principal wives. The two Great Pyramids beside Khufu’s pyramid belongs to Khafre and Menkaure, Khufu’s son and grandson. Other Great Pyramids. Other pyramids built with the same technique to that of the Khufu’s pyramid is the pyramids of Khafre and Menkaure. In the later years, the building of great pyramids began to decline when Egypt’s resources began to deplete. Several smaller pyramids were design by later rulers however in different location. There are also some smaller pyramids that serve as a burial site for queens and secondary wives of the kings. Later pyramids constructed were the pyramid of Djedefre at Abu Rawash, the pyramid of Sahure at Abu Sir, the pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai at Abu Sir, the pyramid of Nyuserre Ini ate Abu Sir, the pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht, the pyramid of Senusret I and Senusret II at Lisht and the pyramid of Amenemhet III ate Hawara.